Dermoid cysts, gliomas, and encephaloceles: evaluation and treatment.

The fronto-orbitonasal malformations of encephaloceles, dermoid sinus cysts, and gliomas represent a continuum of neuroectodermal anomalies. The differentiation between them and other similar-appearing lesions is essential for effective management to proceed. Obtaining a reliable history, completing a careful physical examination, and obtaining accurate radiographic documentation represent the first steps. Establishing the timing, staging, and specific surgical techniques for management of a fronto-orbitonasal encephalocele remains as much an art as a science.