Hormesis management of Moringa oleifera with exogenous application of plant growth regulators under saline conditions.

The study investigated the adaptability of Moringa oleifera to saline conditions, focusing on its hormesis behavior. It also examined how various plant growth regulators affected growth, physiological parameters, and bioactive compounds of moringa. In the first phase, different NaCl stress levels (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 mM) were applied. Notably, significant stimulation was observed at 100 mM stress for growth, total phenolics, total flavonoids and total chlorophyll content while 150 mM stress had a marked inhibitory effect, with survival decreasing at 200 and 250 mM NaCl levels. A 38% reduction in root attributes and shoot length, along with a 55% decrease in leaf score, was observed at 150 mM stress. Total phenolics showed a positive correlation with growth attributes. In the second phase, moringa plants grown under 50, 100, and 150 mM NaCl stress were treated with various plant growth regulators, including cytokinin (50 mg L-1), thiourea (5 mM), bezyl amino purine (BAP @50 mg L-1), salicylic acid (50 mg L-1), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2@120 μM), or ascorbic acid (50 mg L-1) to mitigate adverse effects of salinity. Cytokinin, BAP, and salicylic acid applications improved salinity tolerance, enhancing enzymatic, and non-enzymatic antioxidants, and the abundance of kaempferol, quercetin, hydroxybenzoic, and hydroxycinnamic acids. Pearson correlation and principal component analysis manifested relationships among growth parameters, antioxidant activities, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. This study provides new insights into hormesis management for moringa plants and the influence of plant growth regulators on flavonoids and phenolic acid levels in moringa leaves under saline conditions.