Generic top-functionalization of patterned antifouling zwitterionic polymers on indium tin oxide.

This paper presents a novel surface engineering approach that combines photochemical grafting and surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) to attach zwitterionic polymer brushes onto indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates. The photochemically grafted hydroxyl-terminated organic layer serves as an excellent platform for initiator attachment, and the zwitterionic polymer generated via subsequent SI-ATRP exhibits very good antifouling properties. Patterned polymer coatings can be obtained when the surface with covalently attached initiator was subjected to photomasked UV-irradiation, in which the C-Br bond that is present in the initiator was broken upon exposure to UV light. A further, highly versatile top-functionalization of the zwitterionic polymer brush was achieved by a strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloaddition, without compromising its antifouling property. The attached bioligand (here: biotin) enables the specific immobilization of target proteins in a spatially confined fashion, pointing to future applications of this approach in the design of micropatterned sensing platforms on ITO substrates.