A note on whether spousal caregivers try to control their environment or themselves.

In this study, a two-process model of control (Rothbaum, Weisz, & Snyder, 1982) was used to investigate spousal caregivers' control in stressful situations. According to Rothbaum et al., primary control occurs when individuals retain control by changing their environment (other people, objects, or events), whereas secondary control occurs when individuals retain control by changing their own cognitions or emotions to adapt to the environment. In an exploration of whether caregivers would use primary or secondary control in caring for a spouse with dementia, 32 caregivers described a stressful situation they found difficult to control. Most of the participants used primary control to handle situations that focused on behavioral problems. Additional analyses indicated that most of the caregivers, in fact, used a combination of primary and secondary control.