Journal of the science of food and agriculture · 2026
Integration of chemical fingerprinting and multi-pathway pharmacological validation to evaluate the sleep-promoting efficacy of Ziziphus jujuba leaves from diverse origins.
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Wang Ruibin, Wang Fucheng, Li Kaixin, Wang Xianghong, Yu Wenlong, Sang Yaxin
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Ziziphus jujuba leaves (ZJL) are promising functional food ingredients for sleep support, yet their chemical composition and efficacy vary greatly with geographical origin, hindering quality standardization. This study aimed to systematically evaluate the sleep-promoting potential of ZJL from seven Chinese regions by integrating chemical fingerprinting and multi-pathway pharmacological validation.
RESULTS: Chemical profiling of ZJL from seven regions revealed distinct compositional patterns: Neiqiu County (XN) exhibited the highest flavonoids (64.98 mg g-1) and polyphenols (78.23 mg g-1), Lin County (LL) was enriched in triterpenoid saponins, and Jia County (YJ) accumulated alkaloids. Entropy-weighted scoring of nine sleep-related bioactives ranked XN as the top origin, followed by LL and YJ. In para-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA)-induced insomniac mice, oral administration of ZJL extracts (from XN, LL, and YJ) significantly improved sleep latency and duration. XN-ZJL produced the strongest effects, restoring neurotransmitter balance (elevated γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), reduced glutamate (Glu) and dopamine (DA)) and normalizing the Glu/GABA ratio. It also suppressed systemic inflammation (lowered tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β)), mitigated oxidative stress (increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), decreased malondialdehyde (MDA)), and protected neural structures in the hippocampus and hypothalamus. Redundancy analysis showed that flavonoid-saponin synergy drove sleep benefits, accounting for 73% of variance, with spinosin and jujuboside B as key contributors.
CONCLUSION: The sleep-promoting activity of ZJL is origin-dependent and results from multi-component synergy, with XN showing superior efficacy linked to high flavonoid and GABA levels. The integrated workflow - chemical profiling, entropy-weighted scoring, in vivo validation, and component-efficacy mapping - provides a robust framework for origin-oriented raw material selection and quality control of ZJL-based functional foods. We propose a flavonoid/saponin ratio (~25:1) as a potential standardization metric. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.
RESULTS: Chemical profiling of ZJL from seven regions revealed distinct compositional patterns: Neiqiu County (XN) exhibited the highest flavonoids (64.98 mg g-1) and polyphenols (78.23 mg g-1), Lin County (LL) was enriched in triterpenoid saponins, and Jia County (YJ) accumulated alkaloids. Entropy-weighted scoring of nine sleep-related bioactives ranked XN as the top origin, followed by LL and YJ. In para-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA)-induced insomniac mice, oral administration of ZJL extracts (from XN, LL, and YJ) significantly improved sleep latency and duration. XN-ZJL produced the strongest effects, restoring neurotransmitter balance (elevated γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), reduced glutamate (Glu) and dopamine (DA)) and normalizing the Glu/GABA ratio. It also suppressed systemic inflammation (lowered tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β)), mitigated oxidative stress (increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), decreased malondialdehyde (MDA)), and protected neural structures in the hippocampus and hypothalamus. Redundancy analysis showed that flavonoid-saponin synergy drove sleep benefits, accounting for 73% of variance, with spinosin and jujuboside B as key contributors.
CONCLUSION: The sleep-promoting activity of ZJL is origin-dependent and results from multi-component synergy, with XN showing superior efficacy linked to high flavonoid and GABA levels. The integrated workflow - chemical profiling, entropy-weighted scoring, in vivo validation, and component-efficacy mapping - provides a robust framework for origin-oriented raw material selection and quality control of ZJL-based functional foods. We propose a flavonoid/saponin ratio (~25:1) as a potential standardization metric. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.